Java for programmers (second edition) by Paul Deitel and Harvey Deitel(pdf)

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What Is Java?

Java is a computer programming language. It enables programmers to write computer instructions using English based commands, instead of having to write in numeric codes. It’s known as a “high-level” language because it can be read and written easily by humans. Like English, Java has a set of rules that determine how the instructions are written. These rules are known as its “syntax”. Once a program has been written, the high-level instructions are translated into numeric codes that computers can understand and execute.

Who Created Java?

In the early nineties, Java was created by a team led by James Gosling for Sun Microsystems. It was originally designed for use on digital mobile devices, such as cell phones. However, when Java 1.0 was released to the public in 1996, its main focus had shifted to use on the Internet. It provided more interactivity with users by giving developers a way to produce animated webpages . Over the years it has evolved as a successful language for use both on and off the Internet. A decade later, it’s still an extremely popular language with over 6.5million developers worldwide.

Why Choose Java?

Java was designed with a few key principles in mind:

• Easy to Use: The fundamentals of Java came from a programming language called c++. Although c++ is a powerful language, it was felt to be too complex in its syntax, and inadequate for all of Java's requirements. Java built on, and improved the ideas of c++, to provide a programming language that was powerful and simple to use.
• Reliability: Java needed to reduce the likelihood of fatal errors from programmer mistakes. With this in mind, object-oriented programming was introduced. Once data and its manipulation were packaged together in one place, it increased Java’s robustness.
• Secure: As Java was originally targeting mobile devices that would be exchanging data over networks, it was built to include a high level of security. Java is probably the most secure programming language to date.
• Platform Independent: Programs needed to work regardless of the machine they were being executed on. Java was written to be a portable language that doesn't care about the operating system or the hardware of the computer.

The team at Sun Microsystems were successful in combining these key principles, and Java's popularity can be traced to it being a robust, secure, easy to use, and portable language.

C++ GUI Programming with Qt 3 by Jasmin Blanchette

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Why Qt? Why do programmers like us choose Qt? Sure, there are the obvious
answers: Qt’s single-source compatibility, its feature richness, its C++ performance,
the availability of the source code, its documentation, the high-quality
technical support,and all the other items mentioned in Trolltech’s glossy marketing
materials. This is all very well, but it misses the most important point:
Qt is successful because programmers like it.
How come programmers like one technology, but dislike another? Personally,
I believe software engineers enjoy technology that feels right, but dislike everything
that doesn’t. How else can we explain that some of the brightest programmers
need help to program a VCR, or that most engineers seem to have
trouble operating the company’s phone system? I for one am perfectly capable
of memorizing sequences of random numbers and commands, but if these
are required to control my answering machine, I’d prefer not to have one. At
Trolltech, our phone system forces us to hold the ‘∗’ key pressed down for two
seconds before we are allowed to type in the other person’s extension number.
If you forget to do this but start typing the extension immediately, you have
to dial the entire number again. Why ‘∗’? Why not ‘#’, or ‘1’, or ‘5’, or any of
the other twenty keys on the phone? Why two seconds and not one, or three,
or one and a half? Why anything at all? I find the phone so irritating that I
avoid using it whenever I can. Nobody likes having to do random things, especially
when those random things apparently depend on some equally random
context you wish you didn’t have to know about in the first place.
Programming can be a lot like using our phone system, only worse. And this
is where Qt comes to the rescue. Qt is different. For one thing,Qt makessense.
And for another, Qt is fun. Qt lets you concentrate on your tasks. When Qt’s
original architects faced a problem, they didn’t just look for a good solution, or
a quick solution, or the simplest solution. They looked for the right solution,
and then they documented it. Granted they made mistakes,and granted some
of their design decisions didn’t pass the test of time, but they still got a lot of
things right, and what wasn’t right could and can be corrected. You can see
this by the fact that a system originally designed to bridge Windows 95 and
Unix/Motif now unifies modern desktop systems as diverse as Windows XP,
Mac OS X, and GNU/Linux with KDE.
Long before Qt became so popular and so widely used, the dedication of Qt’s
developers to finding the right solutions made Qt special. That dedication is
just as strong today and affects everyone who maintains and develops Qt. For
us, working on Qt is a responsibility and a privilege. We are proud of helping
to make your professional and open source lives easier and more enjoyable.

HOW to face programming challenges ..here is stuff ...by stevan s skiena and miguel a.revilla.....

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This book has been designed to serve as a textbook for three types of courses:
• Algorithm courses focusing on programming.
• Programming courses focusing on algorithms.
• Elective courses designed to train students to participate in competitions such
as the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) International Collegiate
Programming Contest and the International Olympiad in Informatics.
Such courses can be a lot of fun for all involved. Students are easily motivated by
the thrill of competition, and get positive feedback each time the judge accepts their
solution. The most obvious algorithm may result in a “Time Limit Exceeded” message
from the judge, thus motivating a search for efficiency. The correct insight can make for
a dozen-line program instead of a huge mass of code. The best students will be inspired
to try extra problems just for kicks.
Such courses are fun to teach, too. Many problems are quite clever, putting a fresh
face on standard topics in programming and algorithms. Finding the best solution
requires insight and inspiration. It is exciting to figure out the right way to do each of
the problems, and even more exciting when the students figure it out for themselves.
Pedagogical features of this book include:

different goals in mind:
• Pascal — The most popular educational programming language of the 1980s,
Pascal was designed to encourage good structured-programming habits. Its popularity
has eroded almost to the point of extinction, but it retains a foothold in
high schools and in Eastern Europe.
• C — The original language of the UNIX operating system, C was designed to
provide experienced programmers with the power to do whatever needs to be
done. This includes the power to hang yourself by invalid pointer references and
invalid type casting. Developments in object-oriented programming during the
1990s lead to the new and improved. . .
• C++ — The first commercially successful object-oriented language pulled off
the neat trick of maintaining backward compatibility with C while incorporating
new data abstraction and inheritance mechanisms. C++ became the primary
programming language for teaching and industry during the mid-to-late 1990s,
but now it looks over its shoulder at. . .
• Java — Designed as a language to support mobile programs, Java has special
security mechanisms to avoid common programmer errors such as array out-ofbounds
violations and illegal pointer access. It is a full-featured programming
language which can do everything the others can and more.

OPERATING SYSTEM by William Stallings.....

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An operating system mediates among application programs, utilities, and users, on
the one hand, and the computer system hardware on the other. To appreciate the
functionality of the operating system and the design issues involved, one must have
some appreciation for computer organization and architecture. Chapter 1 provides
a brief survey of the processor, memory, and Input/Output (I/O) elements of a computer system.

Not all computers have operating systems. The computer that controls the microwave oven in your kitchen, for example, doesn't need an operating system. It has one set of tasks to perform, very straightforward input to expect (a numbered keypad and a few pre-set buttons) and simple, never-changing hardware to control. For a computer like this, an operating system would be unnecessary baggage, driving up the development and manufacturing costs significantly and adding complexity where none is required. Instead, the computer in a microwave oven simply runs a single hard-wired program all the time.
For other devices, an operating system creates the ability to:

• serve a variety of purposes
• interact with users in more complicated ways
• keep up with needs that change over time

All desktop computers have operating systems. The most common are the Windows family of operating systems developed by Microsoft, the Macintosh operating systems developed by Apple and the UNIX family of operating systems (which have been developed by a whole history of individuals, corporations and collaborators). There are hundreds of other operating systems available for special-purpose applications, including specializations for mainframes, robotics, manufacturing, real-time control systems and so on.
In any device that has an operating system, there's usually a way to make changes to how the device works. This is far from a happy accident; one of the reasons operating systems are made out of portable code rather than permanent physical circuits is so that they can be changed or modified without having to scrap the whole device.
For a desktop computer user, this means you can add a new security update, system patch, new application or even an entirely new operating system rather than junk your computer and start again with a new one when you need to make a change. As long as you understand how an operating system works and how to get at it, in many cases you can change some of the ways it behaves. The same thing goes for your phone, too.

LINUX KERNEL Development byRobert Love...(pdf) a thorough guide to design and implementation of the linux kernel

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What is the Kernel?

A kernel is the lowest level of easily replaceable software that interfaces with the hardware in your computer. It is responsible for interfacing all of your applications that are running in “user mode” down to the physical hardware, and allowing processes, known as servers, to get information from each other using inter-process communication (IPC).

Different Types of Kernels

There are, of course, different ways to build a kernel and architectural considerations when building one from scratch. In general, most kernels fall into one of three types: monolithic, microkernel, and hybrid. Linux is a monolithic kernel while OS X (XNU) and Windows 7 use hybrid kernels. Let’s take a quick tour of the three categories so we can go into more detail later.
Microkernel
A microkernel takes the approach of only managing what it has to: CPU, memory, and IPC. Pretty much everything else in a computer can be seen as an accessory and can be handled in user mode. Microkernels have a advantage of portability because they don’t have to worry if you change your video card or even your operating system so long as the operating system still tries to access the hardware in the same way. Microkernels also have a very small footprint, for both memory and install space, and they tend to be more secure because only specific processes run in user mode which doesn’t have the high permissions as supervisor mode.
Pros

• Portability
• Small install footprint
• Small memory footprint
• Security

Cons

• Hardware is more abstracted through drivers
• Hardware may react slower because drivers are in user mode
• Processes have to wait in a queue to get information
• Processes can’t get access to other processes without waiting

Monolithic Kernel
Monolithic kernels are the opposite of microkernels because they encompass not only the CPU, memory, and IPC, but they also include things like device drivers, file system management, and system server calls. Monolithic kernels tend to be better at accessing hardware and multitasking because if a program needs to get information from memory or another process running it has a more direct line to access it and doesn’t have to wait in a queue to get things done. This however can cause problems because the more things that run in supervisor mode, the more things that can bring down your system if one doesn’t behave properly.
Pros

• More direct access to hardware for programs
• Easier for processes to communicate between eachother
• If your device is supported, it should work with no additional installations
• Processes react faster because there isn’t a queue for processor time

Cons

• Large install footprint
• Large memory footprint
• Less secure because everything runs in supervisor mode.

Cracking Coding Interview by gayle lakkmann (pdf) .Founder and CEO CareerCup.com

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 how to face coding interview is not a cup of tip.here is few tips which can help you .........

The first thing to know about a programming or tech job interview is that you're likely to be interviewed by other programmers--the people you will work with. Although you'll likely make a quick pass through Human Resources to give over your background, the final decision will often be made by your future (or not so future) coworkers.

This gives you a great opportunity to evaluate the company--do you want to work with these people? Do they seem to know what they're doing? Can you get along with them--can you learn from them? They're working on the newest projects, so you can actually ask them about the work and the working conditions.

One advantage of looking at the interview as both a chance to be evaluated and to evaluate is that you can maintain a good balance of power in the room. You don't need to feel as though you're the one who's under all of the pressure. The company, too, needs to impress you enough for you to want to work there. Don't let this become cockiness, but you don't need to let the interviewer run you over and leave you hanging out to dry. If he's a jerk, you don't want to work there anyway, right?

Presentation

The more quickly you can establish a rapport with your interviewer, the better. Always be sure to respect the interviewer, but don't be afraid of being yourself. If they don't like your manner, you probably don't want to work for them. At the same time, there are standards that you are expected to maintain during an interview--don't talk about your last drunken adventure, medical ailments, or the like.

Dress based on how you are expected to dress. If the company tells you that they don't care if you wear a suit or not, then you probably can take it at face value. If they don't make it clear that they don't mind what you wear, better to play it safe and risk overdressing with a suit than to risk underdressing. If nothing else, you don't want what you wear to distract you during the interview. You don't want to be wondering, "do I look all right?" Just take care of it in advance and don't sweat it.

Your Resume

Be prepared for your resume to be a point of discussion. You can practice explaining the different portions of your resume in advance, but don't script things too much. An interview should flow somewhat loosely and you don't want to end up embarassing yourself by repeating information that you already told the interviewer in reply to another question.

The Interview Questions

Aside from the general background questions based on your resume, you're likely to be asked some more technical or brain-teaser type questions.

Brain Teasers

Brain teasers are probably the most intimidating type of interview question. There's a sense in which your ability to answer some dumb riddle is associated with your IQ. It's also tricky to prepare for a brain teaser because there are no set-in-stone techniques you can apply.

Nevertheless, it helps to be prepared for them. There are a couple of types of brain teasers: the ah-ha question, the deductive reasoning problem, and the more open-ended questions.

Generally, a good strategy is to show your problem solving skills. Even if you don't get the answer, you can salvage the situation by showing that you understand how to approach a problem.

• State your assumptions
• Ask intelligent questions
• Talk out loud, show your thought process
• Draw pictures or diagrams

We'll look at each of these techniques later in the article in the categories to which they apply.

Vector Calculas by susan jane Colley (pdf) free download

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  VECTOR CALCULAS is taught in engineering and mathematics.it is usefull stuff for student.it is branch of mathematics.

            Three Dimensional Space

This is the only chapter that exists in two places in my notes.  When I originally wrote these notes all of these topics were covered in Calculus II however, we have since moved several of them into Calculus III.  So, rather than split the chapter up I have kept it in the Calculus II notes and also put a copy in the Calculus III notes.  Many of the sections not covered in Calculus III will be used on occasion there anyway and so they serve as a quick reference for when we need them.

The 3-D Coordinate System  We will introduce the concepts and notation for the three dimensional coordinate system in this section.

Equations of Lines  In this section we will develop the various forms for the equation of lines in three dimensional space.

Equations of Planes  Here we will develop the equation of a plane.

Quadric Surfaces  In this section we will be looking at some examples of quadric surfaces.

Functions of Several Variables  A quick review of some important topics about functions of several variables.

Vector Functions  We introduce the concept of vector functions in this section.  We concentrate primarily on curves in three dimensional space.  We will however, touch briefly on surfaces as well.

Calculus with Vector Functions  Here we will take a quick look at limits, derivatives, and integrals with vector functions.

Tangent, Normal and Binormal Vectors  We will define the tangent, normal and binormal vectors in this section.

Arc Length with Vector Functions  In this section we will find the arc length of a vector function.

Curvature  We will determine the curvature of a function in this section.

Velocity and Acceleration  In this section we will revisit a standard application of derivatives.  We will look at the velocity and acceleration of an object whose position function is given by a vector function.

Cylindrical Coordinates  We will define the cylindrical coordinate system in this section.  The cylindrical coordinate system is an alternate coordinate system for the three dimensional coordinate system.

Spherical Coordinates  In this section we will define the spherical coordinate system.  The spherical coordinate system is yet another alternate coordinate system for the three dimensional coordinate system.

 

THOUGHTS

तैलाद् रक्षेत् जलाद् रक्षेत् रक्षेत् शिथिल बंधनात |
मूर्ख हस्ते न दातव्यं एवं वदति पुस्तकम् ||

 A book says: Protect me from oil (Oily products which leave a mark on the page); Protect me from water; Also protect me from the loose binding; And after doing all this please do not hand me over to a 'Murkha' (unintelligent) person!!

Data communication and networking by Behrouz .A.forouzan(pdf)

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Data communications and networking are changing the way we do business and the way
we live. Business decisions have to be made ever more quickly, and the decision makers
require immediate access to accurate information. Why wait a week for that report
from Germany to arrive by mail when it could appear almost instantaneously through
computer networks? Businesses today rely on computer networks and internetworks.
But before we ask how quickly we can get hooked up, we need to know how networks
operate, what types of technologies are available, and which design best fills which set
of needs.
The development of the personal computer brought about tremendous changes for
business, industry, science, and education. A similar revolution is occurring in data
communications and networking. Technological advances are making it possible for
communications links to carry more and faster signals. As a result, services are evolving
to allow use of this expanded capacity. For example, established telephone services
such as conference calling, call waiting, voice mail, and caller ID have been extended.
Research in data communications and networking has resulted in new technologies.
One goal is to be able to exchange data such as text, audio, and video from all
points in the world. We want to access the Internet to download and upload information
quickly and accurately and at any time.
This chapter addresses four issues: data communications, networks, the Internet,
and protocols and standards. First we give a broad definition of data communications.
Then we define networks as a highway on which data can travel. The Internet is discussed
as a good example of an internetwork (i.e., a network of networks). Finally, we
discuss different types of protocols, the difference between protocols and standards,
and the organizations that set those standards.

What is Linux. How it works...many more ..full guide to learn linux..here is LINUX BIBLE..complete reference of linux..

                                              To Download this book click here.........
 with the help of www.linux.org

Linux is an operating system that evolved from a kernel created by Linus Torvalds when he was a student at the University of Helsinki. Generally, it is obvious to most people what Linux is. However, both for political and practical reasons, it needs to be explained further. To say that Linux is an operating system means that it's meant to be used as an alternative to other operating systems, Windows, Mac OS, MS-DOS, Solaris and others. Linux is not a program like a word processor and is not a set of programs like an office suite. Linux is an interface between computer/server hardware, and the programs which run on it.

A brief history of Linux
When Linus Torvalds was studying at the University of Helsinki, he was using a version of the UNIX operating system called 'Minix'. Linus and other users sent requests for modifications and improvements to Minix's creator, Andrew Tanenbaum, but he felt that they weren't necessary. That's when Linus decided to create his own operating system that would take into account users' comments and suggestions for improvements.

Free Software pre-Linux
This philosophy of asking for users' comments and suggestions and using them to improve computer programs was not new. Richard Stallman, who worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, had been advocating just such an approach to computer programming and use since the early 1970's. He was a pioneer in the concept of 'free software', always pointing out that 'free' means 'freedom', not zero cost. Finding it difficult to continue working under conditions that he felt went against his concept of 'free software' he left MIT in 1984 and founded GNU. The goal of GNU was to produce software that was free to use, distribute and modify. Linus Torvalds' goal 6 years later was basically the same: to produce an operating system that took into account user feedback.

The kernel
We should point out here that the focal point of any operating system is its 'kernel'. Without going into great detail, the kernel is what tells the big chip that controls your computer to do what you want the program that you're using to do. To use a metaphor, if you go to your favorite Italian restaurant and order 'Spaghetti alla Bolognese', this dish is like your operating system. There are a lot of things that go into making that dish like pasta, tomato sauce, meatballs and cheese. Well, the kernel is like the pasta. Without pasta, that dish doesn't exist. You might as well find some bread and make a sandwich. A plate of just pasta is fairly unappetizing.
Without a kernel, an operating system doesn't exist.

Learn UNIX/LINUX command by the help of book .LINUX complete guide to command ...

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UNIX is an operating system. The job of an operating system is to orchestrate the various parts of the computer -- the processor, the on-board memory, the disk drives, keyboards, video monitors, etc. -- to perform useful tasks. The operating system is the master controller of the computer, the glue that holds together all the components of the system, including the administrators, programmers, and users. When you want the computer to do something for you, like start a program, copy a file, or display the contents of a directory, it is the operating system that must perform those tasks for you.
More than anything else, the operating system gives the computer its recognizable characteristics. It would be difficult to distinguish between two completely different computers, if they were running the same operating system. Conversely, two identical computers, running different operating systems, would appear completely different to the user.
UNIX was created in the late 1960s, in an effort to provide a multiuser, multitasking system for use by programmers. The philosophy behind the design of UNIX was to provide simple, yet powerful utilities that could be pieced together in a flexible manner to perform a wide variety of tasks.
The UNIX operating system comprises three parts: The kernel, the standard utility programs, and the system configuration files.

The kernel

The kernel is the core of the UNIX operating system. Basically, the kernel is a large program that is loaded into memory when the machine is turned on, and it controls the allocation of hardware resources from that point forward. The kernel knows what hardware resources are available (like the processor(s), the on-board memory, the disk drives, network interfaces, etc.), and it has the necessary programs to talk to all the devices connected to it.
 A/C to  Red hat....

What is Linux?

Linux is an operating system that can be downloaded free and "belongs" to an entire community of developers, not one corporate entity. In other words, anyone from professional software developers to hobbyist computer hackers can access and make changes to the Linux kernel—all the information about Linux is open and available to everyone. That's why Linux is known as "open source" or "free software," because there is nothing secret about this system. This freedom also allows companies to sell and distribute Linux on CD-ROM or by other means, although those companies must keep their code open to the public.
With more and more people looking for an alternative to Windows, Linux has recently grown in popularity and is quickly becoming a favorite among major corporations and curious desktop users. Not only does it give users a choice of operating systems, it also proves itself valuable with its power, flexibility, and reliability.

How did Linux get started?

The concept of open source programming has been around for many years—its roots stem from universities that needed to be able to share information as well as allow students and developers to adapt programs to meet their needs. In 1984, Richard Stallman, a researcher at the MIT AI Lab, started a project he called GNU to counter the fast-moving trend toward proprietary, fee-based software. Stallman, who remains an open advocate of open source, believes that making source code available to anyone who wants it is integral to furthering computer science and innovation.
This concept served as the basis of Linux development, the brainchild of Linus Torvalds. When Torvalds began developing Linux in 1991, he was a student at the University of Helsinki and originally targeted Linux at the Intel 386 (although it is now one of the most widely ported operating systems available for PCs). Torvalds wanted to write a new version of UNIX, so he and a group of programmers combined talents and created a core operating system called Linux.

Linux in Business

Why does Linux make a good operating system for a business?

Linux is the fastest-growing server-side operating system today, and it's making inroads on the desktop. Unlike proprietary operating systems, Linux can be installed and upgraded for free. This makes it extremely attractive to those businesses that don't have a high budget but still want an excellent operating system. But cost is not the main factor. Many companies, large and small, prefer Linux simply because of its reliability: Linux can run for months, even years, without having to be rebooted. And because the source code is open, bugs can be fixed quickly and easily without having to wait for proprietary vendors to issue fixes on a schedule that suits them more than their customers. Businesses also value open source software because it allows groups of companies to collaborate on software problems and issues without being concerned about an anti-trust lawsuit. Linux programs can be installed on practically any machine—including older, outdated computers—and offer business owners a degree of flexibility they wouldn't find with other operating systems.

English Grammar ebook...help you to learn english in depth.....

 

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I believe what especially matters in effective teaching and learning English grammar is how clearly and easily understandable all grammar rules are explained and whether adequate supportive exercises with real life content are practised to master that material. It would take foreign learners much less time to learn grammar rules that are explained to learners than to figure out grammar rules on their own intuitively  because grammar rules may have exceptions and other peculiarities. Grammar books with explanations and exercises have been published by knowledgeable language specialists to make learning grammar easier so that learners don't have to discover grammar rules anew the hard long way.I've received some messages from people advocating unconventional English learning methods and promoting English learning products of that kind. I've explored some of their websites that contain a number of learners' comments. Supporters of unconventional learning methods and products claim that learning grammar is unnecessary and inhibits fluent speaking. A growing number of learners are misled and lose time experiencing delay in language learning progress because of superficial claims of promoters of unconventional English learning methods and products. I disagree with those speculative claims as knowledge of grammar rules logically reduces making mistakes by learners. Without adequate knowledge of English grammar rules learners often cannot create their own grammatically correct sentences and often cannot understand what they read or hear in English exactly.I believe English communicative integrated skills courses that practise listening, speaking, reading and writing alongside pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary are the most effective and the most comprehensive courses. There is no valid reason to reject those acclaimed successfully tested courses worldwide as inferior to untested unconventional English learning products like Language Bridge or Effortless English. Creators of such products are in the tiny minority of doubters inventing allegedly easier, quicker and more effective language learning methods and products, but the evidence and verified facts are not on their side. Conventional communicative English teaching and learning that include adequate regular long-term practice in listening comprehension and speaking English yield effective results. Lack of such practice in English by learners produces speculations that conventional English learning and teaching methods don't work.